United States v. Rose: A Second Amendment Skeptic Embraces the Present-Danger Rule
“Judge Frank Easterbrook, a Reagan-appointed federal appeals judge, with a long record of ruling against the Second Amendment has just ruled favorably for 2A. By applying the Supreme Court’s present-physical danger rule to an individual facing a lifetime gun ban due to a long-ago mental illness, Judge Easterbrook has broadened the scope of 2A protections. This decision is proof that Second Amendment jurisprudence is taking hold even among its skeptics. United States v. Rose is the latest stop on the incremental march restoring the right to keep and bear arms to anyone who is not, right now, a genuine threat of physical violence to themselves or to others.” – Professor Mark W. Smith, Four Boxes Diner host
A prominent federal appeals judge with a long record of ruling against Second Amendment claims has reached a legal conclusion that the gun-rights community has waited years to hear.
In United States v. Rose, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, in an opinion by Judge Frank Easterbrook, held that the lifetime firearms disability in 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(4) — which bars anyone ever committed to a mental institution — may be constitutionally invalid as applied to someone no longer mentally ill or physically dangerous. The court vacated the dismissal of the charges against Jonathan Rose and remanded for further fact-finding.
The Facts Behind United States v. Rose
In September 2009, Jonathan Rose was involuntarily committed to a mental hospital in Indiana; the record does not identify his diagnosis. He was released in January 2010 and was never recommitted. In 2022, Rose purchased several firearms from licensed dealers; other attempted purchases were denied after a database match flagged his 2009 commitment.
In 2023, a federal grand jury indicted Rose under § 922(g)(4) for possessing firearms after a mental-health commitment, and under § 922(a)(6) for lying on ATF Form 4473 by denying in writing the commitment ever occurred. The district court, applying Bruen’s “text first, historical-tradition second,” test dismissed the § 922(g)(4) count for lack of any evidence Rose is a present danger. The § 922(a)(6) counts survived; circuit precedent already treated a false statement to a dealer as compatible with the Second Amendment. The Biden DOJ then appealed on behalf of the federal government.





